Estimulación cardíaca temporal de larga duración con cable activo y marcapaso permanente externo / Long-term temporary cardiac pacing with active lead and external permanent pacemaker

INTRODUCCIÓN. La estimulación cardíaca temporal de larga duración con cable activo y marcapaso permanente externo es una técnica recientemente incluida en las guías de manejo de bradicardias sintomáticas. CASOS CLÍNICOS. Se describen 4 casos de pacientes sometidos a estimulación cardíaca temporal de larga duración con cable activo y marcapaso permanente externo de la unidad de Hemodinámica del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, con indicaciones diversas. DISCUSIÓN. El tiempo medio de permanencia con el cable activo y el marcapaso externalizado fue 23 días. No hubo complicaciones del procedimiento. Un paciente falleció por causas no relacionadas con la estimulación y 2 se recuperaron en sus domicilios. CONCLUSIÓN. La técnica de estimulación temporal utilizando marcapasos permanentes recuperados se muestra extremadamente útil para mantener un marcapaso cardíaco seguro, incluso ambulatorio y por largo tiempo, hasta el implante de dispositivos definitivos. Su limitación es la factibilidad de hacerlo solo en centros de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION. Long-duration temporary cardiac pacing with active lead and permanent external pacemaker is a technique recently included in the guidelines for the management of symptomatic bradycardias. CLINICAL CASES. We describe 4 cases of patients who underwent long-duration temporary cardiac pacing with active lead and external permanent pacemaker at the Hemodynamics Unit of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, with different indications. DISCUSSION. The mean length of stay with the active lead and externalized pacemaker was 23 days. There were no procedural complications. One patient died of causes unrelated to pacing and 2 recovered at home. CONCLUSIONS. The technique of temporary pacing using retrieved permanent pacemakers is extremely useful for maintaining safe cardiac pacing, even on an outpatient basis and for a long period of time, until implantation of definitive devices. Its limitation is the feasibility of doing it only in third level centers.

Principales recomendaciones de reanimación cardiopulmonar y atención cardiovascular de emergencia para el año 2020 / Best practice recommendations for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care for 2020

Las altas tasas de letalidad y mortalidad a causa del paro cardiorespiratorio por fibrilación ventricular son considerados un problema de salud pública, cobrando gran relevancia la posibilidad de que sean revertidos rápidamente con la presencia de profesionales capacitados o por personal "lego" actualizados en reanimación cardiopulmonar. El objetivo del presente artículo de revisión fue analizar las nuevas recomendaciones de la American Heart Association para reanimación cardiopulmonar y atención cardiovascular de emergencia para el año 2020.

High rates of lethality and mortality due to ventricular fibrillation cardiorespiratory arrest are considered a public health problem, Thus, the possibility of reversed quickly by trained professionals or updated "lego" staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is taking great relevance. The objective of this review article was to discuss the New Recommendations of the American Heart Association for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care for 2020.

Factors Associated with Survival from In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Service Wards and Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Hospital

@#Background. Despite the recent advances in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), there has been no significant improvement in survival among patients who undergo cardiac arrest. To date, there are no local guidelines on the requirements or standards of in-hospital cardiac arrest teams in the Philippines. In addition, there are still no studies on the outcomes of cardiac arrests among adult patients in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. Objectives. The objective of this study is to investigate patient-, event-, and hospital-related factors associated with survival among adult patients who underwent in-hospital cardiac arrest in the service wards and intensive care units of a tertiary hospital. Methods. This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over three months in 2018. Patient-, event- and hospital-related data were collected from each patient with a cardiac arrest event who was referred to the cardiac arrest teams based on the modified Utstein form of reporting cardiac arrests. Survival to discharge from cardiac arrest was the main outcome. Results. The study included 119 patients, 47.9% male, with a mean age of 50.1 years (SD 16.7). Survival rate was 6.7%. The mean response time did not differ between survival group (1.46 minutes) and mortality group (1.82 minutes) (p value = 0.26). The presence of a shockable initial rhythm (3.6% vs 3/8; p value = 0.01), shorter lag time to initiation of electrical therapy (6.0 vs 9.3 ± 5.6 min; p value = 0.02), shorter time to establishment of an airway (2.75 ± 1.6 vs. 6.98 ± 5.2 min; p value = 0.01), and shorter duration of resuscitation (7 ± 4.6 vs. 13.0 ± 7.9 min; p value = 0.01) were significantly associated with survival. The presence of underlying illnesses is associated with higher mortality. The most common hospital-related problems identified were the need to cover long distances, delay in the call, and the lack of elevators. Conclusion. The survival rate of patients who underwent cardiac arrest and resuscitation by a cardiac arrest team is low. The initial presenting rhythm, lag time to initiation of electrical therapy, time to establishment of airway, duration of resuscitation, as well as the underlying disease can significantly affect survival. Streamlining the resources of the hospital to address these matters can have an impact on survival.

Atención de Enfermería en el paciente adulto con Paro Cardiorrespiratorio en el Hospital General San Francisco / Nursing care in the adult patient with Cardiorespiratory Arrest at the San Francisco General Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓNSegún la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se registran cada año más de 17 200 000 fallecimientos a nivel del mundo por causas cardiovasculares1-3.La enfermedad coronaria causa habitual de Paro Cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en adultos4. Los pacientes de mayor riesgo corresponden a 50 y 70 años de edad, en un 70% hombres vs 30% mujeres, el 80% de estos se dan por Fibrilación Ventricular (FV) o Taquicardia Ventricular Sin Pulso (TVSP), datos registrados en 20175-7.En el Ecuador, acorde al Instituto Na-cional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) en el año 2019 se registraron 8 779 muertes a causa de isquemias del corazón, convir-tiéndose en la principal causa de morta-lidad general con un 11,80%8.En esta ruta se describe cuál es el papel de la enfermera como parte del equipo de respuesta ante un PCR, con base a las Guías de la American Heart Association (AHA).El procedimiento a seguir está expre-sado en el contexto de la Taxonomía de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Asso-ciation (NANDA), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), el nombre y siglas en inglés de la clasificación estandarizada y codificada de las intervenciones de en-fermería y Nursing Outcomes Classifica-tion (NOC), la clasificación de resultados obtenidos luego de los cuidados.

1. INTRODUCTIONAccording to the World Health Organiza-tion (WHO), more than 17 200 000 deaths worldwide are registered each year from cardiovascular causes1-3.Coronary heart disease is a common cause of Cardiorespiratory Arrest (CRP) in adults4 The highest risk patients co-rrespond to 50 and 70 years of age, 70% men vs 30% women, 80% of these are due to Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) or Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (PVT), data recorded in 20175-7. In Ecuador, according to the National Ins-titute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) in 2019, 8 779 deaths were recorded due to ischemia of the heart, becoming the main cause of general mortality with 11.80%8.This route describes the role of the nurse as part of the response team to a CRA, based on the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines.The procedure to be followed is expressed in the context of the Taxonomy of the North American Nursing Diagnosis As-sociation (NANDA), Nursing Interven-tions Classification (NIC), the name and acronym in English of the standardized and coded classification of nursing inter-ventions and Nursing Outcomes Classifi-cation (NOC), the classification of results obtained after care.

Medical Behavior in Cardiorespiratory Arrest before and After Simulation Based on Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) Course

Abstract Background: The Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) course is designed to teach cardiovascular emergency, aiming to promote a harmonious and synchronized work of the entire hospital team, making the multidisciplinary job more effective in the execution of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Objective: To compare the effectiveness of CPR performed between physicians trained on ACLS and non-trained physicians. Methods: A questionnaire was applied to physicians working at the emergency room of hospitals in Curitiba, state of Paraná, whose resolution required theoretical and practical knowledge about CPR. For analysis, descriptive statistics and Fisher's association analysis were used, and the medians of the groups were evaluated by Mann-Whitney/Kruskal-Wallis with significance of 5%. Results: Thirty-four physicians were volunteers, of whom 20 had taken the ACLS course (Group A) and 14 had not (Group B). The trained physicians obtained the highest median (4.00 vs. 3.00, p = 0.06) of correct answers. Group A scored at least 3 of the 5 questions in the questionnaire, showing better performance than Group B (OR = 6.75, 95% CI, 1.1 < OR < 41.0, p = 0.04). The year of the course did not significantly change the performance in the questionnaire. Conclusion: It is suggested that the ACLS course was effective in qualifying physicians to handle situations of cardiorespiratory arrest properly, which was reproduced by the better performance in the resolution of the questionnaire. It is believed that when the sample of volunteers is increased, the trends found materialize the other hypotheses proposed.

Miocarditis fulminante en adultos por el virus de la influenza B: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Fulminant myocarditis due to the influenza B virus in adults: Report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del miocardio. Las infecciones virales son la causa más común, aunque también puede deberse a reacciones de hipersensibilidad y de etiología autoinmunitaria, entre otras. El espectro clínico de la enfermedad es variado y comprende desde un curso asintomático, seguido de dolor torácico, arritmias y falla cardiaca aguda, hasta un cuadro fulminante. El término 'fulminante' se refiere al desarrollo de un shock cardiogénico con necesidad de soporte vasopresor e inotrópico o dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Cerca del 10 % de los casos de falla cardiaca por miocarditis corresponde a miocarditis fulminante. La miocarditis por influenza se considera una condición infrecuente; no obstante, su incidencia ha aumentado desde el 2009 a raíz de la pandemia de influenza por el virus AH1N1. Por su parte, la miocarditis por influenza de tipo B sigue siendo una condición infrecuente. Se describen aquí dos casos confirmados de miocarditis fulminante por el virus de la influenza B atendidos en un centro cardiovascular, que requirieron dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria mecánica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Viral infections are the most common cause, although it can also be due to hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune etiology, among other causes. The clinical spectrum of the disease is varied, from an asymptomatic course, followed by chest pain, arrhythmias, and acute heart failure, to a fulminant episode. The term fulminant refers to the development of cardiogenic shock with a need for vasopressor support and inotropic or assisted circulation devices either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. About 10% of cases of heart failure due to myocarditis correspond to fulminant myocarditis. Influenza myocarditis has been considered an infrequent condition. However, its incidence has increased since 2009 as a result of the AH1N1 pandemic; otherwise, myocarditis due to the Influenza type B virus remains an infrequent entity. We describe the experience in a cardiovascular center of two confirmed cases of fulminant myocarditis due to influenza B that required circulatory assistance devices.

Worsened survival in the head-up tilt position cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine cardiac arrest model

OBJECTIVE: Head elevation at an angle of 30° during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was hemodynamically beneficial compared to supine position in a previous porcine cardiac arrest experimental study. However, survival benefit of head-up elevation during CPR has not been clarified. This study aimed to assess the effect of head-up tilt position during CPR on 24-hour survival in a porcine cardiac arrest experimental model.METHODS: This was a randomized experimental trial using female farm pigs (n=18, 42±3 kg) sedated, intubated, and paralyzed on a tilting surgical table. After surgical preparation, 15 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation was induced. Then, 6 minutes of basic life support was performed in a position randomly assigned to either head-up tilt at 30° or supine with a mechanical CPR device, LUCAS-2, and an impedance threshold device, followed by 20 minutes of advanced cardiac life support in the same position. Primary outcome was 24-hour survival, analyzed by Fisher exact test.RESULTS: In the 8 pigs from the head-up tilt position group, one showed return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); all eight pigs expired within 24 hours. In the eight pigs from the supine position group, six had the ROSC; six pigs survived for 24 hours and two expired. The head-up position group showed lower 24-hour survival rate and lower ROSC rate than supine position group (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The use of head-up tilt position with 30 degrees during CPR showed lower 24-hour survival than the supine position.

Impact of training in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the professional career and work environment / Impacto da capacitação no Suporte Avançado à Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC) na carreira profissional e no ambiente de trabalho

Abstract We sought to evaluate the impact of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) training in the professional career and work environment of physicians who took the course in a single center certified by the American Heart Association (AHA). Of the 4631 students (since 1999 to 2009), 2776 were located, 657 letters were returned, with 388 excluded from the analysis for being returned lacking addressees. The final study population was composed of 269 participants allocated in 3 groups (< 3 years, 3-5 and > 5years). Longer training was associated with older age, male gender, having undergone residency training, private office, greater earnings and longer time since graduation and a lower chance to participate in providing care for a cardiac arrest. Regarding personal change, no modification was detected according to time since taking the course. The only change in the work environment was the purchase of an automated external defibrillator (AED) by those who had taken the course more than 5 years ago. In multivariable analysis, however, the implementation of an AED was not independently associated with this group, which showed a lower chance to take a new ACLS course. ACLS courses should emphasize also how physicians could reinforce the survival chain through environmental changes.

Resumo Buscou-se avaliar o impacto do curso de Suporte Avançado a Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC) na carreira e no ambiente profissional de médicos formados em um centro de treinameto certificado pela American Heart Association (AHA). De 4631 estudantes (desde 1999 até 2009), 2776 foram encontrados, 657 cartas retornaram, sendo 388 excluidas da análise devido à não localização do endereço. A população final estudada foi composta por 269 participantes alocados em 3 grupos (< 3 anos, 3-5 anos e > 5 anos). Tempo maior de treinamento foi associado a sexo masculino, ter feito residência médica, de idade maior, melhores salários e mais tempo de formação, também menor chance de participar de um atendimento de parada cardíaca. No quesito mudança pessoal, nenhuma modificação foi detectada independentemente do tempo de curso. A única mudança no local de trabalho foi a implantação do desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) por aqueles que terminaram o curso há mais de 5 anos. Na análise multivariada, entretanto, a implementação de DEA não foi associada independentemente nesse grupo, que mostrou menor chance de repetir o curso. Os cursos SAVC deveriam enfatizar a forma como os médicos poderiam reforçar as mudanças no trabalho, melhorando a cadeia de sobrevida.

Single Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Results in Better Neurological Outcomes in a Porcine Model of Cardiac Arrest

PURPOSE: Recent basic life support (BLS) guidelines recommend a 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio (CV2) or chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CC); however, there are inevitable risks of interruption of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in CV2 and hypoxemia in CC. In this study, we compared the short-term outcomes among CC, CV2, and 30:1 CV ratio (CV1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 42 pigs were randomly assigned to CC, CV1, or CV2 groups. After induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF), we observed pigs for 2 minutes without any intervention. Thereafter, BLS was started according to the assigned method and performed for 8 minutes. Defibrillation was performed after BLS and repeated every 2 minutes, followed by rhythm analysis. Advanced cardiac life support, including continuous chest compression with ventilation every 6 seconds and intravenous injection of 1 mg epinephrine every 4 minutes, was performed until the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or 22 minutes after VF induction. Hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas profiles were compared among groups. ROSC, 24-hour survival, and neurologic outcomes were evaluated at 24 hours. RESULTS: The hemodynamic parameters during CPR did not differ among the study groups. Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and arterial oxygen saturation were lowest in the CC group, compared to those in the other groups, during the BLS period (p=0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). The CV1 groups showed a significantly higher rate of favorable neurologic outcome (swine CPC 1 or 2) than the other groups (p=0.044). CONCLUSION: CPR with CV1 could promote better neurologic outcome than CV2 and CC.

The status of advanced cardiac life support performance by resident belonging to other department except for department of emergency medicine in in-hospital cardiac arrest

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the status of the advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) according to the guidelines by residents belonging to other departments other than the department of emergency medicine. The differences in status between the junior group and senior group was also investigated according to grades of residents. METHODS: The ACLS performance for in-hospital cardiac arrest cases of one academic hospital, except for the cases occurring in intensive care unit between November 2015 and October 2017, were analyzed retrospectively. Data included the characteristics of residents, patients' outcomes, ACLS performance, and conventional treatment having discordance with the ACLS guidelines. Leaders during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were divided into a junior group and senior group. RESULTS: A total of 152 cases were enrolled in this study. Of these, 131 cases (86.2%) showed at least one treatment with inconsistency from the guidelines and the incidence of discordant treatment was similar in the two groups (55 [85.9%] vs. 76 [88.4%], P=0.657). Implicit use of sodium bicarbonate was more frequent in the senior residents group (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36–6.81). On the other hand, no use of a defibrillator was less frequent in the senior residents group (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.03–0.81). CONCLUSION: In both groups, the rate of discordance with the ACLS guidelines during CPR were high. The rate of implicit use of sodium bicarbonate and no use of defibrillator were significantly different in the two groups. A customized education strategy for ACLS is needed for each group.

Time Interval from Intubation to Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patient with Brain Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of time interval from intubation to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients according to the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: This retrospective study used data from a prospectively collected OHCA registry for patients treated from January 2008 to December 2016. Non-traumatic adult OHCA patients who underwent brain computed tomography were included, while patients who achieved a prehospital ROSC or required advanced airway management were excluded. Utstein variables, initial blood gas analysis, electrolyte levels, and the time interval from intubation to ROSC were used to compare the ICH and non-ICH groups. RESULTS: A total of 448 patients were analyzed. The ICH group was younger and had more females than the non-ICH group. The time interval from intubation to ROSC was significantly shorter in the ICH group than the non-ICH group. The median time and interquartile range were 3 (2 to 7) minutes in the ICH group and 6 (3 to 10) minutes in the non-ICH group. The patient age, gender, potassium level, and time interval from intubation to ROSC were significant variables in the multivariable analysis. In a multivariable logistic regression model that included these variables, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.838. CONCLUSION: OHCA patients with ICH achieve ROSC after intubation in a shorter amount of time than those without ICH.

Extracorporeal Life Support in Acute Poisoning

PURPOSE: Cardiovascular or respiratory complications of acute intoxication are the most common causes of mortality. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) or specific antidotes help manage these cardiac or respiratory complications in acute intoxication. On the other hand, some cases do not respond to ACLS or antidotes and they require some special treatment, such as extracorporeal life support (ECLS). ECLS will provide the chance of recovery from acute intoxication. This study examined the optimal timing of ECLS in acute intoxication cases. METHODS: This paper is a brief report of a case series about ECLS in acute poisoning. The cases of ECLS were reviewed and the effects of ECLS on the blood pressure and serum lactate level of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of four cases were reviewed; three of them were antihypertensive agent-induced shock, and one was respiratory failure after the inhalation of acid. The time range of ECLS application was 4.8-23.5 hours after toxic exposure. The causes of ECLS implementation were one for recurrent cardiac arrest, two for shock that did not respond to ACLS, and one for respiratory failure that did not respond to mechanical ventilator support. Three patients showed an improvement in blood pressure and serum lactate level and were discharged alive. In case 1, ECLS was stared at 23.5 hours post toxic exposure; the patient died due to refractory shock and multiple organ failure. CONCLUSION: The specific management of ECLS should be considered when a patient with acute intoxication does not recovery from shock or respiratory failure despite ACLS, antidote therapies, or mechanical ventilator support. ECLS improved the hemodynamic and ventilator condition in complicated poisoned patients. The early application of ECLS may improve the tissue perfusion state and outcomes of these patients before the toxic damage becomes irreversible.

Conocimiento del personal de enfermería sobre el manejo del paciente crítico con base en el soporte vital básico / Knowledge of nursing personnel regarding the management of critical patients on the basis of basic life support

Resumen

Introducción: el soporte vital básico (SVB) está orientado a capacitar al personal de la salud en las habilidades básicas para la atención inicial de urgencias potencialmente fatales en un medio pre e intrahospitalario.

Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento del personal de enfermería sobre el manejo del paciente crítico con base en el SVB en áreas críticas del Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia de Puebla.

Metodología: estudio descriptivo, en una muestra de 50 enfermeras de los servicios críticos, de todas las categorías y turnos laborales. Se aplicó un instrumento de evaluación del conocimiento sobre SVB, validado por cuatro expertos y 10 enfermeros. Se consideró una calificación aprobatoria con 17 o más reactivos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, frecuencias, Kuder-Richardson, kappa de Cohén y prueba exacta de Fisher.

Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 36.68 años; fueron cuatro hombres (8.0%) y 46 mujeres (92%); 37 (74%) aprobaron el instrumento. El 36% (18) había tomado el curso SVB y el 14% (7) estaba certificado. La asociación entre la calificación obtenida en la encuesta y la categoría laboral, grado académico, turno, tipo de contratación, si ya tomó el curso y tener certificación fue p > 0.05 (con prueba exacta de Fisher).

Conclusiones: haber realizado un curso de SVB no garantiza que el personal de enfermería tenga los conocimientos sobre el manejo del paciente en estado crítico.

Abstract

Introduction: The Basic Life Support (BLS) is designed to train health personnel in basic skills for initial emergency care that is potentially fatal in a prehospital and intrahospital environment. Objective: To evaluate nurses' knowledge regarding critical patient management based on BLS in critical areas of the Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia (Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopedics) of the state of Puebla.

Methods: Descriptive study in a sample of 50 nurses of critical services, of all categories and work shifts. A BLS knowledge assessment instrument, validated by four experts and 10 nurses, was applied. An approval rating of 17 or more points was considered. We used descriptive statistics, as well as frequencies, Kuder-Richardson's test, Cohen's kappa and Fisher's Exact Test.

Results: Mean age was 36.68 years; there were four men (8.0%) and 46 women (92%); 37 approved the instrument (74%). 36% had taken the BLS course (18) and 14% was certified (7). The association between the grade obtained in the survey and the labor category, academic degree, shift, type of hiring, if already took the course and having certification was p > 0.05 (with Fisher's Exact test).

Conclusions: Having a BLS course does not guarantee that the nurse personnel have knowledge about the management of the patient in critical condition.

La reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica y la capacitación para la asistencia en emergencias / Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic skills training for emergency assistance

Se destacan las novedades en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) pediátrica de la AHA 2015 y se repasa esquemáticamente el soporte vital básico y avanzado en los casos de paro cardiorrespiratorio en niños. Se resumen los aspectos claves y principales cambios realizados respecto de la actualización anterior (2010). Se sugiere incorporar en los hospitales un equipo de emergencias pediátrico y un equipo de rápida respuesta que brinden una atención inmediata y efectiva. Se describe un sistema de puntuación (puntaje PEWS) que permitiría identificar y predecir pacientes con riesgo de descompensación por diferentes etiologías. Se indica tratamiento inicial de la sepsis grave y shock séptico con un bolo de fluidos de 20 ml/kg en lactantes y niños con líquidos cristaloides o coloides. Se mantiene la secuencia C-A-B de las guías 2010 como orden de elección para la RCP pediátrica (aunque las recomendaciones ILCOR 2015 equiparan las secuencias A-B-C y C-A-B). La profundidad de las compresiones debe deprimir por lo menos un tercio del diámetro anteroposterior o aproximadamente 4 cm en lactantes. En los niños las compresiones se realizarán como en los adultos, por lo menos 5 a 6 cm de profundidad como límite superior; con una frecuencia de 100 a 120 CPM. En caso de reanimadores legos que no deseen o no puedan proporcionar ventilaciones, se utilizaran sólo compresiones torácicas. En los casos de FV y TV sin pulso, se realizará una descarga con desfibrilador monofásico o bifásico de energía inicial (2 a 4 J/kg) seguida de compresiones torácicas; dosis siguientes mayores o iguales a 4 J/kg son seguras y efectivas.

The new developments in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (AHA 2015) and basic and advanced life support are reviewed schematically in cases of cardiopulmonary arrest in children. In this article we summarize the key aspects and major changes made to the previous update (2010). It is suggested that a Pediatric Emergency Team and a Rapid Response Team to provide fast and effective care should be incorporated in hospitals. A scoring system (PEWS) is described that will allow for the identification and prediction of patients at risk of decompensation due to different etiologies. Initial treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock with a fluid bolus of 20 ml/kg in infants and children with crystalloid or colloid fluids is indicated. The C-A-B sequence from the 2010 guides for pediatric CPR is maintained (although the recommendations of ILCOR 2015 attach the same importance to both "A-B-C" and "C-A-B" sequences). The depth of chest compression should be at least one third of the anteroposterior diameter, or approximately 4 cm in infants. In children and adults compressions are equivalent to depressing no more than 5 to 6 cm, with a compression frequency of 100 to 120 CPM. If lay rescuers do not want, or cannot, provide sufficient ventilation, we recommend that chest compressions should be performed. For treatment of non-pulsed VF and VT, an initial shock (2 to 4 J/kg) with mono or biphasic defibrillator should be applied, followed by chest compressions; subsequent doses of ≥ 4 J/kg are safe and effective.

Characteristics of training and motivation of physicians working in emergency medicine

Summary Introduction: Emergency medicine is an area in which correct decisions often need to be made fast, thus requiring a well-prepared medical team. There is little information regarding the profile of physicians working at emergency departments in Brazil. Objective: To describe general characteristics of training and motivation of physicians working in the emergency departments of medium and large hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional study with standardized interviews applied to physicians who work in emergency units in 25 medium and large hospitals in Salvador. At least 75% of the professionals at each hospital were interviewed. One hospital refused to participate in the study. Results: A total of 659 physicians were interviewed, with a median age of 34 years (interquartile interval: 29-44 years), 329 (49.9%) were female and 96 (14.6%) were medical residents working at off hours. The percentage of physicians who had been trained with Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support courses was 5.2, 18.4 and 11.0%, respectively, with a greater frequency of Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support training among younger individuals (23.6% versus 13.9%; p<0.001). Thirteen percent said they were completely satisfied with the activity, while 81.3% expressed a desire to stop working in emergency units in the next 15 years, mentioning stress levels as the main reason. Conclusion: The physicians interviewed had taken few emergency immersion courses. A low motivational level was registered in physicians who work in the emergency departments of medium and large hospitals in Salvador.

Evaluación de dispositivo de asistencia ventricular cardiológico (DAV) / Evaluation of cardiological ventricular assist device (VAD)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: La insuficiencia es una anomalia de la estrutura o la función cardiacas que hace que el corazón no pueda suministrar oxígenio a una frecuencia acorde con las necesidades de los tejidos normales de llenado. Se define clinciamente como un síndrome con síntomas (disnea, edema de miembros inferiores, fatiga...) y signos tipicos (presión venosa yugular elevada, crepitantes pulmonares, latido apical desplazado...) consecuencia de la alteración estructural o de la función cardiacas. Aspectos Generales: La insuficiencia cardiaca es una enfermedad progresiva y letal, aún con tratamiento adecuado. Así, una vez establecido el diagnp´óstico de insuficiência cardiaca, la tasa de mortalidad es del 50% a los 4 años y el 40% de los pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca fallece o reingresa durante el primer año. En situación de insuficiencia cardiaca grave refractaria, el pronóstico, con tratamiento médico, es aún peor, con una supervivencia al año menor de 25%, comparable al de las neoplasias más agresivas. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Los dispositivos de asistencia ventricular (DAV) son aquellos capaces de generar flujo circulatorio para sustituir parcial o totalmente la función del corazón en situaciones agudas o crónicas de fracaso cardiaco severo que no responde a otros tratamientos. Los DAV pueden proporcionar apoyo hemodinámico al ventrículo izquierdo, al derecho o a ambos, e incluso pueden sustituir completamente sus funciones. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad del uso de los Dispositivos de Asistencia Ventricular (DAV) en las bases de datos MEDLINE y TRIPDATABASE. Se hizo una búsqueda en www.clinicaltrials.gov, para poder identificar ensayos aún en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados. Adicionalmente, se hizo una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales como The Cochrane Library y The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). RESULTADOS: Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfico y de evidencia científica para el sustento del uso de los DAV en pacientes candidato a trasplante. Se presenta la evidencia disponible en guías de práctica clínica, Evaluación de Tecnologías sanitarias, revisiones sistemáticas y ensayos clínicos. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria se evidencia la eficacia y seguridad del uso de los Dispositivos de Asistencia Ventricular (DAV) como puente al trasplante cardiaco. Se demuestra la alta tasa de supervivencia que tienen los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca terminal, a los cuales se le indicó el uso de un Dispositivio de Asistencia Ventricular como puente al tranplante cardiaco. Se evidencia la recuperación de la funcionalidad cardiaca y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con severidad progresiva a la insuficiencia cardiaca. Los estudios corroboran adicionalmente, que el uso del Dispositivo de Asistencia Ventricular están siendo utilizados para otras indicaciones, como los pacientes inotrópicos dependientes, los pacientes con riesgo de mortalidad al año y los que tienen falla de otros órganos.

Part 3. Advanced cardiac life support: 2015 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

No abstract available.

Pediatric advanced life support and sedation of pediatric dental patients

Programs provided by the Korea Association of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation include Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), and Korean Advanced Life Support (KALS). However, programs pertinent to dental care are lacking. Since 2015, related organizations have been attempting to develop a Dental Advanced Life Support (DALS) program, which can meet the needs of the dental environment. Generally, for initial management of emergency situations, basic life support is most important. However, emergencies in young children mostly involve breathing. Therefore, physicians who treat pediatric dental patients should learn PALS. It is necessary for the physician to regularly renew training every two years to be able to immediately implement professional skills in emergency situations. In order to manage emergency situations in the pediatric dental clinic, respiratory support is most important. Therefore, mastering professional PALS, which includes respiratory care and core cases, particularly upper airway obstruction and respiratory depression caused by a respiratory control problem, would be highly desirable for a physician who treats pediatric dental patients. Regular training and renewal training every two years is absolutely necessary to be able to immediately implement professional skills in emergency situations.

Flipping the advanced cardiac life support classroom with team-based learning: comparison of cognitive testing performance for medical students at the University of California, Irvine, United State / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: It aimed to find if written test results improved for advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) taught in flipped classroom/team-based Learning (FC/TBL) vs. lecture-based (LB) control in University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, USA. METHODS: Medical students took 2010 ACLS with FC/TBL (2015), compared to 3 classes in LB (2012-14) format. There were 27.5 hours of instruction for FC/TBL model (TBL 10.5, podcasts 9, small-group simulation 8 hours), and 20 (12 lecture, simulation 8 hours) in LB. TBL covered 13 cardiac cases; LB had none. Seven simulation cases and didactic content were the same by lecture (2012-14) or podcast (2015) as was testing: 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQ), 20 rhythm matchings, and 7 fill-in clinical cases. RESULTS: 354 students took the course (259 [73.1%] in LB in 2012-14, and 95 [26.9%] in FC/TBL in 2015). Two of 3 tests (MCQ and fill-in) improved for FC/TBL. Overall, median scores increased from 93.5% (IQR 90.6, 95.4) to 95.1% (92.8, 96.7, P=0.0001). For the fill-in test: 94.1% for LB (89.6, 97.2) to 96.6% for FC/TBL (92.4, 99.20 P=0.0001). For MC: 88% for LB (84, 92) to 90% for FC/TBL (86, 94, P=0.0002). For the rhythm test: median 100% for both formats. More students failed 1 of 3 tests with LB vs. FC/TBL (24.7% vs. 14.7%), and 2 or 3 components (8.1% vs. 3.2%, P=0.006). Conversely, 82.1% passed all 3 with FC/TBL vs. 67.2% with LB (difference 14.9%, 95% CI 4.8-24.0%). CONCLUSION: A FC/TBL format for ACLS marginally improved written test results.